The maritime sector is increasingly under cyber threat, with attackers targeting ships, ports, and critical infrastructure to exploit vulnerabilities in Operational Technology (OT) and Information Technology (IT) systems. To manage these risks effectively and comply with international regulations like IMO Resolution MSC.428(98), maritime organisations rely on penetration testing to identify and mitigate vulnerabilities before attackers can exploit them.
While platforms like People per Hour offer access to freelance penetration testers, these testers often lack the specialised knowledge, qualifications, and frameworks required for high-assurance security assessments in complex environments. By contrast, specialist penetration testers, particularly those accredited by bodies such as CREST and certified in OSCP (Offensive Security Certified Professional), bring industry expertise, technical excellence, and credibility. This article explores the critical differences between using unverified freelance testers and accredited cybersecurity specialists, emphasising the importance of qualified testing in the maritime sector.
1. Understanding the Unique Security Needs of the Maritime Sector
The maritime industry relies heavily on both IT and OT systems to support navigation, engine control, cargo handling, and communication. These interconnected systems are increasingly vulnerable to cyberattacks due to:
Legacy OT Systems: Many ships operate with outdated hardware and software that may not support modern security features.
Complex Network Architecture: The integration of shipboard systems with external networks (e.g., ports, suppliers, logistics chains) increases the attack surface.
Strict Safety and Uptime Requirements: Unlike many IT environments, OT systems in maritime operations require continuous availability to ensure crew safety, cargo integrity, and vessel operations.
A successful cyberattack on these systems can result in operational shutdowns, safety risks, financial losses, and non-compliance with regulations. Addressing these risks requires penetration testers who understand both the technology and regulatory landscape of maritime operations.
2. Limitations of Using Freelance Testers from Platforms Like People per Hour
Platforms like People per Hour provide access to freelance penetration testers at various price points, but they come with several limitations when it comes to high-assurance security testing.
2.1. Lack of Industry-Specific Expertise
Freelance testers may not have experience with OT systems or complex maritime infrastructure. Without knowledge of key systems such as Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS), Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), and Automatic Identification Systems (AIS), testers may:
Fail to identify critical vulnerabilities unique to maritime environments.
Misconfigure tests, potentially causing system disruptions or safety risks.
Overlook threats related to OT-specific attack vectors, such as manipulation of physical processes.
2.2. Inconsistent Quality and Methodology
Freelance testers on platforms like People per Hour often work independently without adhering to standardised methodologies such as OSSTMM (Open Source Security Testing Methodology Manual) or PTES (Penetration Testing Execution Standard). This can lead to:
Incomplete or poorly documented assessments.
Inconsistent reporting formats, making it difficult for clients to understand or act on findings.
Limited or no validation of test results through industry best practices.
Without a structured approach, the quality of testing and reporting cannot be guaranteed.
2.3. Lack of Accreditation and Certifications
Many freelance testers do not hold internationally recognised certifications such as CREST Registered Tester (CRT), CREST Certified Infrastructure Tester (CCT), or OSCP. These certifications are important because they:
Demonstrate a high level of technical competence and ethical conduct.
Require testers to pass rigorous examinations that assess their ability to identify and exploit vulnerabilities across a wide range of systems.
Provide third-party verification of a tester’s skills and qualifications.
Without these certifications, there is limited assurance that a tester possesses the necessary expertise for high-stakes environments like maritime operations.
2.4. Limited Compliance Support
Regulations such as IMO Resolution MSC.428(98) and NIS2 Directive require organisations to demonstrate ongoing cyber risk management. Freelance testers may not understand these regulatory requirements, leading to:
Inadequate reporting that fails to meet compliance criteria.
Limited support during regulatory audits and inspections.
Lack of guidance on aligning security testing with broader risk management and governance frameworks.
Specialist penetration testers, by contrast, provide reports and documentation that are designed to satisfy regulatory authorities and auditors.
3. Benefits of Using Specialist Penetration Testers
Engaging penetration testers accredited by bodies like CREST or those certified in OSCP offers significant advantages, particularly for the maritime sector.
3.1. Industry-Specific Expertise and Knowledge
Specialist testers have experience working with maritime clients and understand the unique security challenges posed by OT and IT systems. They are familiar with:
Critical Systems: ECDIS, SCADA, AIS, and propulsion control systems.
Attack Scenarios: Common threats, including malware targeting OT systems, insider threats, and network-based attacks.
Operational Constraints: The need to minimise disruptions during testing and maintain high availability for critical systems.
This expertise ensures that security assessments are thorough, targeted, and risk-aware.
3.2. Adherence to Standardised Testing Frameworks
Specialist testers follow established frameworks, such as:
OSSTMM: Focuses on measurable outcomes and objective risk assessments.
OWASP Testing Guide: Provides guidelines for testing web applications.
PTES: Covers all phases of penetration testing, from pre-engagement activities to reporting.
These frameworks ensure that tests are conducted consistently, thoroughly, and in alignment with industry best practices.
3.3. Certification and Accreditation
Specialist testers often hold certifications such as:
CREST Registered Tester (CRT): Recognises expertise in infrastructure and application testing.
CREST Certified Tester (CCT): A higher-level certification for complex security assessments.
OSCP: Validates hands-on penetration testing skills through practical, scenario-based examinations.
In addition, CREST-accredited companies are regularly audited to ensure that their testing services meet high standards of quality, security, and professionalism.
3.4. Regulatory and Compliance Assurance
Specialist testers understand the regulatory requirements affecting maritime operations and can tailor their services to meet these obligations. They provide:
Comprehensive Reports: Clear, actionable findings that meet compliance criteria.
Audit Support: Assistance with regulatory inspections and documentation.
Continuous Improvement: Recommendations to enhance security posture and align with evolving regulations.
This level of support helps organisations maintain compliance with IMO, SOLAS, and other frameworks.
4. Assurance and Credibility through CREST Accreditation
CREST is a globally recognised accreditation body that sets rigorous standards for cybersecurity services, including penetration testing. Choosing a CREST-approved provider gives organisations confidence in the quality and reliability of testing services, as:
CREST Members are regularly audited to ensure adherence to technical and ethical standards.
Test Reports from CREST-accredited providers are accepted by regulatory bodies, clients, and insurance companies as evidence of due diligence.
Third-Party Assurance enhances trust with stakeholders, including auditors, partners, and customers.
This level of credibility is essential for maritime organisations managing high-stakes cyber risks.
5. Conclusion
While freelance testers from platforms like People per Hour may offer lower-cost services, they often lack the expertise, certifications, and credibility needed to conduct high-assurance penetration testing for the maritime sector. In contrast, specialist testers with CREST or OSCP credentials bring industry-specific knowledge, structured methodologies, and regulatory compliance support. These capabilities are critical for safeguarding ships, ports, and maritime infrastructure against evolving cyber threats.
For expert penetration testing tailored to maritime operations, contact our CREST-accredited cybersecurity specialists today.
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